Jour
nal

No. 3
2025  

The KliK Journal provides articles and interviews on the KliK Foundation’s national and international activities, in addition to the annual report.

Just because it took a long time, doesn’t mean it’s good

On 2 April 2025, the Swiss Federal Council brought the CO₂ Ordinance into force with retroactive effect from 1 January 2025. With a delay of five years, the amount of carbon offset obligation to be paid by the KliK Foundation by 2030 is now known. Between 2025 and 2030, the Foundation must achieve reductions in Switzerland equivalent to at least 12 per cent of CO₂ emissions from the transport sector; this is expected to be just under 10 million tonnes of CO₂ equivalent (CO₂e). In addition, further reductions of an estimated 20 million tonnes of CO₂e need to be achieved, which can also be realised through climate protection activities abroad that are certified under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement.

The KliK Foundation was thus informed of the extent of its obligation at a time when the activities required for fulfilling that obligation should already have been known to it, contractually secured, and ready for implementation – provided that the obligation is to be realistically considered capable of being fulfilled. That is not a tenable assumption. It is only thanks to the far-sighted work of the KliK Foundation that the fulfilment of the carbon offset obligation by 2030 is still within the realms of possibility today – but without being guaranteed in the slightest.

A long-term, stable legal framework of at least ten years is required for carbon offsetting to function properly as a policy tool. Unfortunately, this argument has once again failed to gain traction in climate policy, and so the horizon of the CO₂ Act once again ends in the far too near future. Although the Swiss people have decreed a net-zero target by 2050, there is no plan as to how this is to be achieved.

The KliK Foundation continues to do everything in its power to fulfil its legal mandate to the best of its ability. It is short-sighted to conclude from the fact that it has succeeded in doing so without fault so far, that this will also be the case in the future. One cannot raise the bar fivefold within a decade without creating the framework conditions to ensure that it can be reached.

In addition, sustainable commercial relationships with private investors and efficient processes at the government agencies involved are essential for our success, as this third issue of our journal demonstrates. Despite the lamentable shortcomings, let us take you once again into the inspiring world of climate protection!

We hope you enjoy the many exciting insights in the third issue of the KliK Journal.

Dr Marco Berg

Managing Director of the Foundation for Climate Protection and Carbon Offset KliK

Focus

Inter
natio
nal

The focus of this year’s edition is on South America. Chile, Peru and Uruguay have signed bilateral climate agreements with Switzerland in order to benefit from Article 6.2 of the Paris Agreement. The strategies and priorities of their respective climate protection policies are characterised by national contexts, and these largely determine the country-specific focus of the KliK Foundation’s portfolio. A look at the different framework conditions makes it clear why the implementation of the A6.2 mechanism is so diverse.

Selected international activities in development

Mitigation activities implemented under the Paris Agreement must supplement the efforts of partner countries and serve to raise their ambition in fighting climate change. To this end, mitigation activities must be carefully selected, as well as being designed and developed in cooperation with partner countries to meet local needs.

The San José Solar Activity, located in Arequipa, Peru, led by Acciona Energía in collaboration with Acciona Energía Carbon Technologies, marks a key milestone in the country’s energy transition. With a capacity of 178 MW, it will replace fossil fuel-based electricity generation with renewable energy. The plant will connect to the National Interconnected Electricity System (SEIN), delivering clean and reliable electricity, while strengthening Peru’s energy sovereignty and resilience to climate phenomena. Beyond its positive environmental impact, the mitigation activity will directly benefit local communities by creating jobs and implementing training programmes through Acciona’s Social Impact Management System. Carbon financing through the sale of ITMOs is indispensable for the activity’s viability, as it is required to achieve the minimum profitability necessary for its implementation, contributing to sustainable development in the region and promoting a greener future.
PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) – SAN JOSÉ SOLAR ACTIVITY
The transport sector is a significant contributor to Uruguay’s carbon footprint. The activity addresses this challenge by promoting the use of electric vehicles and fuel-cell electric vehicles, including vans, trucks and intercity buses, and the necessary charging infrastructure to reduce emissions. Uruguay has very clean electricity production, with around 90% of electricity being generated from renewable sources, and the shift to electric mobility will further reduce dependence on fossil fuels. Excess renewable electricity is available, especially at night, thanks to a large share of wind power plants. Hydrogen-powered vehicles will use only green hydrogen produced from renewables. The activity is driven by Zeroca, which manages and operates the activity, covers transaction costs, and produces the necessary reporting. Zeroca contracts with various activity participants, such as vehicle owners, operators, vehicle leasing or financing companies, charging point operators and investors.
URUGUAY ELECTRIC MOBILITY
A Chilean food production company plans to generate the steam needed for its production processes using wood residues, which will replace the coal currently in use. Chile, with its intensive forestry, has large quantities of wood residues from the forestry and timber industries, some of which is used by large forestry companies as a renewable energy source. Outside of the forestry sector, however, use of wood residues is still rare. A new plant is designed to produce around 70 tonnes of steam per hour at a pressure of 48 bar and a temperature of 455°C. This requires approximately 125,000 tonnes of wood residues per year. There is an oversupply of wood residues in the specific region, and they are completely renewable. The steam boiler is equipped with a modern flue gas cleaning system, which prevents air pollution in the surrounding area.
STEAM FROM WOOD RESIDUES
Focus

Na
tio
nal

Since 2016, the KliK Foundation has been supporting businesses that replace refrigeration systems prematurely or switch to a more climate-friendly coolant through the “Climate- Friendly Cooling” supported programme. The programme has been a considerable success story from the outset: around 2,000 refrigeration plants have become more climate-friendly thanks to funding to date (as of April 2025). By 2030, around 630,000 tonnes of CO₂ are expected to be saved. On the following pages, programme participants and the Swiss Association for Refrigeration Technology show how the supported programme has contributed to the significant advancement of sustainable refrigeration in this country.

Support for climate protection in businesses

More than half of the energy consumption in industry is down to industrial processes. Until now, this so-called process heat has mainly been produced using fossil fuels – but it’s time to change this! The KliK Foundation offers various supported programmes for sustainable process heat to help Swiss businesses in the industrial sector with decarbonisation. These supported programmes also benefit wastewater treatment plants and Swiss wood processors, for example.

In the area of climate-friendly heat generation for industry and industrial processes, the KliK Foundation offers two supported programmes: “Industrial heat” from myclimate and the “Process heat” programme of Energie Zukunft Schweiz (EZS). The focus here is on the gradual decarbonisation of the industrial sector in Switzerland with a simultaneous shift to sustainable, more energy-efficient heating solutions. The myclimate greenhouse gas mitigation activity promotes the replacement of fossilfuelled heating systems in industrial production with high-temperature heat pumps. Meanwhile, the EZS “climate premium” supported programme for process heat with wood heater systems or heat pumps offers very attractive subsidies, particularly for large heating systems: the climate premium has no upper limit and thus creates favourable conditions for large plants. The subsidy for both programmes for industrial heat is 1.80 Swiss francs per litre of heating oil or cubic metre of natural gas saved.
INDUSTRIAL AND PROCESS HEAT
Numerous Swiss sawmills and producers of wood-based panels are aiming to increase production of Swiss sawn timber and woodbased materials, with suitable measures – supported by the KliK Foundation – set to promote the use of wood as a carbon store and achieve carbon sequestration. The project is run by the Senke Schweizer Holz (SSH) association. Examples of the kinds of measures that businesses in the timber industry can implement include supporting the use of timber in areas that are difficult to access, organising rail transport for timber from remote regions, optimising timber sorting in order to increase the quality of the end products, and investing in new production facilities. The sink project thus contributes to achieving the climate targets and supports the domestic value chain from the forest to the finished wooden object.
CARBON SEQUESTRATION IN SWISS WOOD PRODUCTS
The supported programme developed by South Pole and financed by the KliK Foundation aims to reduce methane emissions in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in Switzerland. Methane (CH₄) is a greenhouse gas with global warming potential that is 25 times higher than carbon dioxide (CO₂), and sewage treatment plants produce large amounts of methane emissions – especially during sludge treatment. The South Pole programme supports WWTP operators who implement methane-reducing measures by equipping open digestion and stacking tanks at treatment plants with a gas-tight or floating cover, or by installing degassing technology. Depending on the procedure applied, the captured methane can be used to generate energy. The subsidy amounts to 140 Swiss francs per tonne of CO₂ equivalent (CO₂e) saved until the investment costs are amortised. After that, it is 10,000 Swiss francs per year and an additional 25 Swiss francs per tonne of CO₂e saved.
METHANE REDUCTION IN SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS

Facts
and
figures

How many million tonnes of CO₂ have already been saved in Switzerland since the foundation of the KliK foundation? With how many countries there exists currently a bilateral agreement on climate protection? Discover selected facts and figures to get you in the mood for the annual report.

0

14 countries currently have a bilateral climate protection agreement with Switzerland (listed here by signing date). Emission reductions can be credited to Switzerland if the corresponding climate protection activities supplement the measures in the partner country and thus enhance their countries ambitions.

1
Peru
2
Ghana
3
Senegal
4
Georgia
5
Vanuatu
6
Dominica
7
Thailand
8
Ukraine
9
Morocco
10
Malawi
11
Uruguay
12
Chile
13
Tunisia
14
Kenya
14.06
Switzerland
4.87
Transportation
4.98
Business
1.53
Buildings
0.19
Agriculture
2.49
Projects
9.68
International

Contractually expected defined impact from climate protection activities in million tonnes CO₂e between 2022 and 2030 (as of the end of 2024).

0

Approximately 30,000 improved cookstoves have been distributed so far as part of a mitigation activity in Ghana. Less smoke, fewer emissions, and greater savings thanks to reduced fuel consumption.

Around
tonnes0

of HFC refrigerants

have been avoided in existing or new refrigeration plants to date thanks to the supported programme. This corresponds to the equivalent of around 542,000 tonnes of CO₂ that is therefore not released into the atmosphere.

0%

of fuel emissions must be reduced in 2025 (compared to 20% in 2023 and 23% in 2024). At least 12% must be generated domestically in the years 2025–2030.

0

Almost 17 million tonnes CO₂e have been saved in Switzerland since 2013 with the support of the KliK Foundation.

130.00
Switzerland
152.00
Transportation
118.00
Business
107.00
Buildings
146.00
Agriculture
123.00
Projects
29.00
International

Average costs in Swiss francs for every reduced tonne of CO₂e between 2022 and 2030.

The KliK Foundation – Looking back and looking forward

On behalf of importers of fossil motor fuels, the KliK Foundation fulfils their legal obligation in Switzerland to offset a certain amount of CO₂ emissions from the transport sector. According to the CO₂ Act, one fifth of these emissions had to be offset between 2022 and 2024. In 2025, the share will initially rise to a quarter, then gradually to half by 2030. Carbon offsetting must take place through the financing of climate protection projects in Switzerland and abroad that demonstrably reduce a corresponding amount of greenhouse gases.

Although a quarter of the obligation may be fulfilled with projects abroad in the years 2022 to 2024, the KliK Foundation will only present certificates for emission reductions achieved in Switzerland, as practically no international certificates have yet been issued. The national certifications are the result of thousands of large and small projects in all sectors – including the replacement of highly climate-damaging refrigerants, which we have reported on in detail in this issue.

Thanks to the ongoing impact of these projects, the KliK Foundation will most likely be able to demonstrate the reduction of 10 million tonnes of CO₂e required in Switzerland for the years 2025 to 2030. However, it is less certain that the additional reduction of 20 million tonnes of CO₂e required can be achieved abroad.

Of the 240 foreign projects examined in detail by the KliK Foundation since 2019, around one third are currently at various stages of development. Practically all of these 80 projects will submit an application for authorisation to the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment. As of April 2025, 22 have already done so and the others will follow, most of them probably before the end of this year. The regulatory authority is therefore facing a huge task, especially as it has only approved two of the 22 applications submitted, the last in January 2024.

It is therefore to be feared that the extraordinarily lengthy authorisation process, combined with the inexorable approach of 2030, will mean that projects waiting in the wings cannot be implemented because their financing can no longer be sufficiently guaranteed through the sale of ITMOs. The KliK Foundation will therefore continue to support applicants in submitting high-quality project documentation in accordance with the regulatory requirements and answer any questions that arise promptly and in detail.